Radio-Frequency Single-Electron Refrigerator

We propose a cyclic refrigeration principle based on mesoscopic electron transport. Synchronous sequential tunnelling of electrons in a Coulomb-blockaded device, a normal metal-superconductor single-electron box, results in a cooling power of $\sim k_{\mathrm{B}}T\times f$ at temperature $T$ over a wide range of cycle frequencies $f$. Electrostatic work, done by the gate voltage source, removes heat from the Coulomb island with an efficiency of $\sim k_{\mathrm{B}}T\mathrm{/}\mathrm{\Delta }$, where $\mathrm{\Delta }$ is the superconducting gap. The performance is not affected significantly by non-idealities, for instance by offset charges. We propose ways of characterizing the system and of its practical implementation.