Approximation Methods for Non-linear Gravitational Clustering

We discuss various analytical approximation methods for following the evolution of cosmological density perturbations into the strong (i.e. nonlinear) clustering regime. These methods can be classified into five types: (i) simple extrapolations from linear theory, such as the high–peak model and the lognormal model; (ii) {\em dynamical} approximations, including the Zel’dovich approximation and its extensions; (iii) non–linear models based on purely geometric considerations, of which the main example is the Voronoi model; (iv) statistical solutions involving scaling arguments, such as the hierarchical closure {\em ansatz} for BBGKY, fractal models and the thermodynamic model of Saslaw; (v) numerical techniques based on particles and/or hydrodynamics. We compare the results of full dynamical evolution using particle codes and the various other approximation schemes. To put the models we discuss into perspective, we give a brief review of the observed properties of galaxy clustering and the statistical methods used to quantify it, such as correlation functions, power spectra, topology and spanning trees.