The radio background: radio-loud galaxies at high and low redshifts

The majority of this paper is devoted to discrete radio sources, and their consequences for cosmology. Three main issues are considered: (i) what makes a galaxy radio loud?; (ii) what do we know about how the population of radio-loud galaxies has changed with epoch?; and (iii) what can observations of high-redshift radio galaxies tell us about general questions of galaxy formation and evolution? The main conclusion is that radio galaxies are remarkably ordinary massive ellipticals. The high-redshift examples are generally old and red and do not make good candidates for primaeval galaxies.