Mergers and binary systems of SMBH in the contexts of nuclear activity and galaxy evolution

The dynamic evolution of binary systems of supermassive black holes (SMBH) may be a key factor affecting a large fraction of the observed properties of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and galaxy evolution. Different classes of AGN can be related in general to four evolutionary stages in a binary SMBH: 1) early merger stage; 2) wide pair stage; 3) close pair stage; and 4) pre-coalescence stage. This scheme can explain a variety of properties of AGN: radio and optical luminosity differences between different classes of AGN, long-term and short-term variability, quasi-periodic nuclear flares, recurrent formation of relativistic outflows in AGN and their apparent morphology and kinematics.