Thermodynamics of $s_{\pm }-to-s_{++}$ transition in iron pnictides in the vicinity of the Born limit

To study thermodynamical properties of the disorder-induced transition between $s_{\pm }$ and $s_{++}$ superconducting gap functions, we calculate the grand thermodynamic potential $\mathrm{\Omega }$ in the normal and the superconducting states. Expression for the difference between the two, $\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Omega }$, is derived for a two-band model for Fe-based systems with nonmagnetic impurities. The disorder is considered in a $\mathcal{T}$-matrix approximation within the multiband Eliashberg theory. In the vicinity of the Born limit near the $s_{\pm }$-to-$s_{++}$ transition, we find two solutions obtained for opposite directions of the system’s evolution with respect to the impurity scattering rate. By calculating the change in entropy $\mathrm{\Delta }S$ and the change in electronic specific heat $\mathrm{\Delta }C$ from $\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Omega }$, we show that such a hysteresis is not due to the time-reversal symmetry breaking state, but it rather points out to the first order phase transition induced by the nonmagnetic disorder. Based on the $\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Omega }$ calculations, phase diagram is plotted representing the energetically favourable $s_{\pm }$ and $s_{++}$ states and the transition between them. At finite temperature, a first order phase transition line there is limited by a critical end point. Above that point, the sharp $s_{\pm }\to s_{++}$ transition transforms to a crossover between $s_{\pm }$ and $s_{++}$ states.