A Representation-Theoretic Approach to $qq$-Characters

We raise the question of whether (a slightly generalized notion of) $qq$-characters can be constructed purely representation-theoretically. In the main example of the quantum toroidal ${\mathfrak{g}\mathfrak{l}}_1$ algebra, geometric engineering of adjoint matter produces an explicit vertex operator $\mathsf{R}\mathsf{R}$ which computes certain $qq$-characters, namely Hirzebruch ${\chi }_y$-genera, completely analogously to how the R-matrix $\mathsf{R}$ computes $q$-characters. We give a geometric proof of the independence of preferred direction for the refined vertex in this and more general non-toric settings.