Nonstandard Null Lagrangians and Gauge Functions and Dissipative Forces in Dynamics

Standard and non-standard Lagrangians that give the same equation of motion are significantly different in their forms, as the latter do not have terms that clearly discernable energy-like expressions. A special family of these Lagrangians are null Lagrangians and their gauge functions. It is shown that non-standard null Lagrangians and their gauge functions can be used to introduce dissipative forces to dynamical systems. With standard null Lagrangians being known for introducing non-dissipative forces, the presented results allow for a complete picture of novel roles played by null Lagrangians in introducing forces to dynamics. Applications of the results to Newton’s laws are presented and their Galilean invariance is discussed.