Observation of $WWW$ Production in $pp$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS Detector

This Letter reports the observation of $WWW$ production and a measurement of its cross section using 139 fb${}^{-1}$ of proton-proton collision data recorded at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Events with two same-sign leptons (electrons or muons) and at least two jets, as well as events with three charged leptons, are selected. A multivariate technique is then used to discriminate between signal and background events. Events from $WWW$ production are observed with a significance of 8.0 standard deviations, where the expectation is 5.4 standard deviations. The inclusive $WWW$ production cross section is measured to be $820 \pm 100,$\text{(stat)}$ \pm 80,$\text{(syst)}$$ fb, approximately 2.6 standard deviations from the predicted cross section of $511\pm 18$ fb calculated at next-to-leading-order QCD and leading-order electroweak accuracy.