Theta characteristics and noncongruence modular forms

The Hodge bundle $\omega$ over a modular curve is a square-root of the canonical bundle twisted by the cuspidal divisor, or a theta characteristic, due to the Kodaira–Spencer isomorphism. We prove that, in most cases, a section of a theta characteristic $\nu$ (or any odd power of it) different from $\omega$ is a noncongruence modular form. On the other hand, we show how $\nu \mathrm{\ne }\omega$ gives rise to a ``twisted’’ analogue of the diagonal period map to a Siegel threefold, whose difference attributes to the stackiness of the moduli of abelian surfaces ${\mathcal{A}}_2$. Some questions on the Brill–Noether theory of the modular curves are answered.