Strain-induced metallization and defect suppression at zipper-like interdigitated atomically thin interfaces enabling high-efficiency halide perovskite solar cells

Halide perovskite light absorbers have great advantages for photovoltaics such as efficient solar energy absorption, but charge accumulation and recombination at the interface with an electron transport layer (ETL) remains a major challenge in realizing their full potential. Here we report the experimental realization of a zipper-like interdigitated interface between a Pb-based halide perovskite light absorber and an oxide ETL by the PbO capping of the ETL surface, which produces an atomically thin two-dimensional metallic layer that can significantly enhance the perovskite/ETL charge extraction process. As the atomistic origin of the emergent two-dimensional interfacial metallicity, first-principles calculations performed on the representative MAPbI${}_3$/TiO${}_2$ interface identify the interfacial strain induced by the simultaneous formation of stretched I-substitutional Pb bonds (and thus Pb-I-Pb bonds bridging MAPbI${}_3$ and TiO${}_2$) and contracted substitutional Pb-O bonds. Direct and indirect experimental evidences for the presence of interfacial metallic states are provided, and a non-conventional defect-passivating nature of the strained interdigitated perovskite/ETL interface is emphasized. It is experimentally demonstrated that the PbO capping method is generally applicable to other ETL materials including ZnO and SrTiO${}_3$, and that the zipper-like interdigitated metallic interface leads to about two-fold increase in charge extraction rate. Finally, in terms of the photovoltaic efficiency, we observe a volcano-type behavior with the highest performance achieved at the monolayer-level PbO capping. The method established here might prove to be a general interface engineering approach to realize high-performance perovskite solar cells.