Inferring Nonlinear Many-Body Bell Inequalities From Average Two-Body Correlations: Systematic Approach for Arbitrary Spin-j Ensembles

Violating Bell’s inequalities (BIs) allows one to certify the preparation of entangled states from minimal assumptions – in a device-independent manner. Finding BIs tailored to many-body correlations as prepared in present-day quantum computers and simulators is however a highly challenging endeavour. In this work, we focus on BIs violated by very coarse-grain features of the system: two-body correlations averaged over all permutations of the parties. For two-outcomes measurements, specific BIs of this form have been theoretically and experimentally studied in the past, but it is practically impossible to explicitly test all such BIs. Data-driven methods – reconstructing a violated BI from the data themselves – have therefore been considered. Here, inspired by statistical physics, we develop a novel data-driven approach specifically tailored to such coarse-grain data. Our approach offers two main improvements over the existing literature: 1) it is directly designed for any number of outcomes and settings; 2) the obtained BIs are quadratic in the data, offering a fundamental scaling advantage for the precision required in experiments. This very flexible method, whose complexity does not scale with the system size, allows us to systematically improve over all previously-known Bell’s inequalities robustly violated by ensembles of quantum spin-$1\mathrm{/}2$; and to discover novel families of Bell’s inequalities, tailored to spin-squeezed states and many-body spin singlets of arbitrary spin-$j$ ensembles.