HACK3D: Crowdsourcing the Assessment of Cybersecurity in Digital Manufacturing

Digital manufacturing (DM) cyber-physical system is vulnerable to both cyber and physical attacks. HACK3D is a series of crowdsourcing red-team-blue-team events hosted by the NYU Center for Cybersecurity to assess the strength of the security methods embedded in designs using DM. This study summarizes the lessons learned from the past three offerings of HACK3D, including ingenious ways in which skilled engineers can launch surprising attacks on DM designs not anticipated before. A key outcome is a taxonomy-guided creation of DM security benchmarks for use by the DM community.