Universal Lex Ideal Approximations of Extended Hilbert Functions and Hamilton Numbers

Let $R^h$ denote the polynomial ring in variables $x_1,\dots ,x_h$ over a specified field $K$. We consider all of these rings simultaneously, and in each use lexicographic (lex) monomial order with $x_1>\cdots >x_h$. Given a fixed homogeneous ideal $I$ in $R^h$, for each $d$ there is unique lex ideal generated in degree at most $d$ whose Hilbert function agrees with the Hilbert function of $I$ up to degree $d$. When we consider $I{R}^N$ for $N\ge h$, the set ${\mathfrak{B}}_d(I,N)$ of minimal generators for this lex ideal in degree at most $d$ may change, but ${\mathfrak{B}}_d(I,N)$ is constant for all $N\gg 0$. We let ${\mathfrak{B}}_d(I)$ denote the set of generators one obtains for all $N \gg 0$,andwelet$b_d = b_d(I)$beitscardinality\mathrm{.}Thesequences$b_1, , \ldots, , b_d, , \ldots$ obtained in this way may grow very fast. Remarkably, even when $I=(x_1^2,x_2^2)$, one obtains a very interesting sequence, 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 924, 409620,$\dots$. This sequence is the same as $H_{d-1}+1$ for $d\ge 2$, where $H_d$ is the $d$th Hamilton number. The Hamilton numbers were studied by Hamilton and by Hammond and Sylvester because of their occurrence in a counting problem connected with the use of Tschirnhaus transformations in manipulating polynomial equations.