Diversity of dynamical behaviors due to initial conditions: exact results with extended Ott--Antonsen ansatz for identical Kuramoto--Sakaguchi phase oscillators

The Ott–Antonsen ansatz is a powerful tool to extract the behaviors of coupled phase oscillators, but it imposes a strong restriction on the initial condition. Herein, a systematic extension of the Ott–Antonsen ansatz is proposed to relax the restriction, enabling the systematic approximation of the behavior of a globally coupled phase oscillator system with an arbitrary initial condition. The proposed method is validated on the Kuramoto–Sakaguchi model of identical phase oscillators. The method yields cluster and chimera-like solutions that are not obtained by the conventional ansatz.