On the tangent space to the Hilbert scheme of points in P3

In this paper we study the tangent space to the Hilbert scheme ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{b}}^d{\mathbf{P}}^3$, motivated by Haiman’s work on $$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{b}$^d $\mathbf{P}$^2$ and by a long-standing conjecture of Brian\c{c}on and Iarrobino on the most singular point in ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{b}}^d{\mathbf{P}}^n$. For points parametrizing monomial subschemes, we consider a decomposition of the tangent space into six distinguished subspaces, and show that a fat point exhibits an extremal behavior in this respect. This decomposition is also used to characterize smooth monomial points on the Hilbert scheme. We prove the first Brian\c{c}on-Iarrobino conjecture up to a factor of 4/3, and improve the known asymptotic bound on the dimension of ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{b}}^d{\mathbf{P}}^3$. Furthermore, we construct infinitely many counterexamples to the second Brian\c{c}on-Iarrobino conjecture, and we also settle a weaker conjecture of Sturmfels in the negative.