Phase-Shifted Pilot Design for NOMA-Empowered Uplink ISAC Systems

The deployment of multiple transmitters (TXs) in integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) networks necessitates efficient resource sharing to overcome the limitations of orthogonal allocation. While conventional interleaved (CI) pilots combined with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) improve spectral efficiency (SE), they inherently compromise sensing resolution due to spectral sparsity, rendering the CI nulling (CIN) extension a strictly limited remedy. This paper proposes a phase-shifted (PS) pilot design and its novel PS nulling (PSN) variant to integrate a communication TX (CTX) over the PS-ISAC framework. The PSN variant strategically punctures sensing signals at CTX pilot locations to preserve initial channel estimates, enabling a dense data overlay. To resolve the resulting multi-TX interference, joint iterative interference cancellation (IIC) is adapted for non-nulling configurations and sequential IIC is adapted for nulling variants, optimizing for both detection robustness and convergence speed. Simulation results across varying STX densities and modulation orders demonstrate that the phase-shifted frameworks maintain sensing integrity while explicitly reducing receiver-side computational complexities by $18.8\mathrm{\%}$ and $21.0\mathrm{\%}$ against their respective interleaved baselines.