Neutral-fermionic presentation of the $K$-theoretic $Q$-function

We show a new neutral-fermionic presentation of Ikeda-Naruse’s $K$-theoretic $Q$-functions, which represent a Schubert class in the $K$-theory of coherent sheaves on the Lagrangian Grassmannian. Our presentation provides a simple description and yields straightforward proof of two types of Pfaffian formulas for them. We present a dual space of $G\mathrm{\Gamma }$, the vector space generated by all $K$-theoretic $Q$-functions, by constructing a non-degenerate bilinear form that is compatible with the neutral fermionic presentation. We give a new family of dual $K$-theoretic $Q$-functions, their neutral-fermionic presentations, and Pfaffian formulas.