Upper Bounds for Cyclotomic Numbers

Let $q$ be a power of a prime $p$, let $k$ be a nontrivial divisor of $q-1$ and write $e=(q-1)\mathrm{/}k$. We study upper bounds for cyclotomic numbers $(a,b)$ of order $e$ over the finite field ${\mathbb{F}}_q$. A general result of our study is that $(a,b)\le 3$ for all $a,b\in \mathbb{Z}$ if $p> (\sqrt{14})^{k/ord_k(p)}$. More conclusive results will be obtained through separate investigation of the five types of cyclotomic numbers: $(0,0), (0,a), (a,0), (a,a)$and$(a,b)$,where$a\neq b$and$a,b \in {1,\dots,e-1}$. The main idea we use is to transform equations over ${\mathbb{F}}_q$ into equations over the field of complex numbers on which we have more information. A major tool for the improvements we obtain over known results is new upper bounds on the norm of cyclotomic integers.