The Asymptotic Behavior of Massless Fields and the Memory Effect

We investigate the behavior of massless scalar, electromagnetic, and linearized gravitational perturbations near null infinity in d \geq 4 dimensional Minkowski spacetime (of both even and odd dimension) under the assumption that these fields admit a suitable expansion in 1/r. We also investigate the behavior of asymptotically flat, nonlinear gravitational perturbations near null infinity in all dimensions d\geq 4. We then consider the memory effect in fully nonlinear general relativity. We show that in even dimensions, the memory effect first arises at Coulombic order–i.e., order 1/r^{d-3}–and can naturally be decomposed into null memory' and ordinary memory.’ Null memory is associated with an energy flux to null infinity. We show that ordinary memory is associated with the metric failing to be stationary at one order faster fall-off than Coulombic in the past and/or future. In odd dimensions, we show that the total memory effect at Coulombic order and slower fall-off always vanishes. Null memory is always of scalar type', but the ordinary memory can be of any (i.e., scalar, vector, or tensor) type. In 4-spacetime dimensions, we give an explicit example in linearized gravity which gives rise to a nontrivial vector (i.e., magnetic parity) ordinary memory effect at order 1/r. We show that scalar memory is described by a diffeomorphism; vector and tensor memory cannot be. In d=4 dimensions, we show that there is a close relationship between memory and the charge and flux expressions associated with supertranslations. We analyze the behavior of solutions that are stationary at Coulombic order and show how these suggest antipodal matching’ between future and past null infinity, which gives rise to conservation laws. The relationship between memory and infrared divergences of the out' state in quantum gravity is analyzed, and the nature of the soft theorems’ is explained.