Extensions of the Carlitz-McConnel and Blokhuis-Sziklai theorems for unions of cyclotomic classes

Let $p$ be a prime, let $q=p^n$, and let $D\subseteq {\mathbb{F}}_q^{\ast }$. A celebrated result of Carlitz and McConnel states that if $D$ is a proper subgroup of ${\mathbb{F}}_q^{\ast }$, and $f:{\mathbb{F}}_q\to {\mathbb{F}}_q$ is a function such that $(f(x)-f(y))\mathrm{/}(x-y)\in D$ for all $x\mathrm{\ne }y$, then $f$ must be of the form $f(x)=a{x}^{p^j}+b$. In this paper, we extend their result to the setting where $D$ is a union of cosets of a fixed subgroup of ${\mathbb{F}}_q^{\ast }$, under a mild assumption. In a similar spirit, we also investigate maximum cliques in related Cayley graphs over finite fields, strengthening several results of Blokhuis, Sziklai, and Asgarli and Yip.