Large odd prime power order automorphism groups of algebraic curves in any characteristic

Let $\mathcal{X}$ be a (projective, geometrically irreducible, nonsingular) algebraic curve of genus $g\ge 2$ defined over an algebraically closed field $\mathbb{K}$ of odd characteristic $p\ge 0$, and let $\mathrm{A}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}(\mathcal{X})$ be the group of all automorphisms of $\mathcal{X}$ which fix $\mathbb{K}$ element-wise. For any a subgroup $G$ of $\mathrm{A}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}(\mathcal{X})$ whose order is a power of an odd prime $d$ other than $p$, the bound proven by Zomorrodian for Riemann surfaces is $\mathrm{\mid }G\mathrm{\mid }\le 9(g-1)$ where the extremal case can only be obtained for $d=3$. We prove Zomorrodian’s result for any $\mathbb{K}$. The essential part of our paper is devoted to extremal $3$-Zomorrodian curves $\mathcal{X}$. Two cases are distinguished according as the quotient curve $\mathcal{X}\mathrm{/}Z$ for a central subgroup $Z$ of $\mathrm{A}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}(\mathcal{X})$ of order $3$ is either elliptic, or not. For elliptic type extremal $3$-Zomorrodian curves $\mathcal{X}$, we completely determine the two possibilities for the abstract structure of $G$ using deeper results on finite $3$-groups. We also show infinite families of extremal $3$-Zomorrodian curves for both types, elliptic or non-elliptic. Our paper does not adapt methods from the theory of Riemann surfaces, nevertheless it sheds a new light on the connection between Riemann surfaces and their automorphism groups.