Integral formula for the propagator of the one-dimensional Hubbard model

We present an exact integral formula for the multi-particle propagator of the one-dimensional Fermi–Hubbard model on an infinite lattice. The proof is based on the nested Bethe ansatz without relying on the string hypothesis. Our formula enables an explicit integral representation of the time evolution of arbitrary finite-particle wave functions and thereby provides a foundation for the exact analysis of nonequilibrium dynamics in the Hubbard model. It can further be applied to related open quantum models.