Counting points on braid varieties and the Deligne--Simpson problem

We solve the isoclinic Deligne–Simpson problem for exceptional groups, completing a program initiated by Sage et al. and Jakob–Yun. As a by-product, we obtain new examples of physically rigid irregular connections on the projective line. Our approach uses the Riemann–Hilbert correspondence to reduce the problem to determining the non-emptiness of certain braid varieties associated to periodic braids. We show that this can be achieved by counting points over finite fields. Our approach is inspired by Lusztig’s construction of a map from conjugacy classes in the Weyl group to unipotent classes.