Finer Tight Bounds for Coloring on Clique-Width

We revisit the complexity of the classical $k$-Coloring problem parameterized by clique-width. This is a very well-studied problem that becomes highly intractable when the number of colors $k$ is large. However, much less is known on its complexity for small, concrete values of $k$. In this paper, we completely determine the complexity of $k$-Coloring parameterized by clique-width for any fixed $k$, under the SETH. Specifically, we show that for all $k\ge 3,ϵ>0$, $k$-Coloring cannot be solved in time $O^{\ast }((2^k-2-ϵ{)}^{cw})$, and give an algorithm running in time $O^{\ast }((2^k-2{)}^{cw})$. Thus, if the SETH is true, $2^k-2$ is the “correct” base of the exponent for every $k$. Along the way, we also consider the complexity of $k$-Coloring parameterized by the related parameter modular treewidth ($mtw$). In this case we show that the “correct” running time, under the SETH, is $O^*({k\choose \lfloor k/2\rfloor}^{mtw})$. If we base our results on a weaker assumption (the ETH), they imply that $k$-Coloring cannot be solved in time $n^{o(cw)}$, even on instances with $O(\log n)$ colors.