Non-anomalous axions: lessons from the Majoron

We show that when an anomalous and a non-anomalous global symmetries are spontaneously and simultaneously broken, the resulting Nambu–Goldstone boson is associated with the non-anomalous one. Applied to the Majoron, this implies that its underlying symmetry is $B-L$ rather than $L$, naturally resolving the domain wall problem. This result further demonstrates that effective couplings of the form $aF\tilde{F}$ do not uniquely indicate an anomalous origin, allowing the detection of non-anomalous Nambu–Goldstone bosons, such as the Majoron, in searches for axion–gauge boson interactions, potentially serving as evidence for the existence of new charged fermions.