On Iwasawa's class number formula for ${\mathbb{Z}}_p⋊{\mathbb{Z}}_p$-extensions

Let $p$ be a prime number. In this paper, we estimate the variation of the sizes of quotients of certain finitely generated $p$-torsion Iwasawa modules, which are closely related to class numbers. We also construct some ${\mathbb{Z}}_p⋊{\mathbb{Z}}_p$-extensions whose Iwasawa $\mu$-invariant is nonzero. At the end of this paper, we calculate the determinants of some matrices that are related to the groups ${\mathbb{Z}}_p⋊{\mathbb{Z}}_p$.