Positron Annihilation in the Nuclear Outflows of the Milky Way

Observations of soft gamma rays emanating from the Milky Way from SPI/$\mathit{\text{INTEGRAL}}$ reveal the annihilation of $\sim 2\times {10}^{43}$ positrons every second in the Galactic bulge. The origin of these positrons, which annihilate to produce a prominent emission line centered at 511 keV, has remained mysterious since their discovery almost 50 years ago. A plausible origin for the positrons is in association with the intense star formation ongoing in the Galactic center. Moreover, there is strong evidence for a nuclear outflow in the Milky Way. We find that advective transport and subsequent annihilation of positrons in such an outflow cannot simultaneously replicate the observed morphology of positron annihilation in the Galactic bulge and satisfy the requirement that $90$ per cent of positrons annihilate once the outflow has cooled to ${10}^4\mathrm{K}$.