Spatial correlations in driven-dissipative photonic lattices

We study the nonequilibrium steady-state of interacting photons in cavity arrays as described by the driven-dissipative Bose-Hubbard and spin-$1\mathrm{/}2$ XY model. For this purpose, we develop a self-consistent expansion in the inverse coordination number of the array ($\sim 1\mathrm{/}z$) to solve the Lindblad master equation of these systems beyond the mean-field approximation. Our formalism is compared and benchmarked with exact numerical methods for small systems based on an exact diagonalization of the Liouvillian and a recently developed corner-space renormalization technique. We then apply this method to obtain insights beyond mean-field in two particular settings: (i) We show that the gas–liquid transition in the driven-dissipative Bose-Hubbard model is characterized by large density fluctuations and bunched photon statistics. (ii) We study the antibunching–bunching transition of the nearest-neighbor correlator in the driven-dissipative spin-$1\mathrm{/}2$ XY model and provide a simple explanation of this phenomenon.