Probing non-unitarity of the PMNS matrix in P2SO and comparison with DUNE

We compare the sensitivity of the upcoming long-baseline neutrino experiments Protvino to Super-ORCA (P2SO) and the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) to non-unitarity (NU) of the leptonic mixing matrix in a model-independent framework. NU can arise in theories beyond the Standard Model that include heavy neutral leptons. These effects can modify neutrino oscillation probabilities and introduce new sources of CP violation, which may affect precision measurements of neutrino parameters. We find that DUNE provides stronger bounds on ${\alpha }_{11}$ and $\mathrm{\mid }{\alpha }_{21}\mathrm{\mid }$, while P2SO shows better sensitivity to ${\alpha }_{22}$ and ${\alpha }_{33}$, mainly due to its longer baseline and stronger matter effects. Our results show that DUNE (P2SO) will be able to improve the current bounds of ${\alpha }_{11}$ (${\alpha }_{33}$). We further examine correlations with standard oscillation parameters and quantify the impact of NU on mass hierarchy, octant, and CP-violation sensitivities. Our results show that these sensitivities depend upon NU in a non-trivial way interconnecting the parameter degeneracies and matter effects. Our results demonstrate the complementarity of P2SO and DUNE in probing NU and show that NU can significantly influence next-generation precision oscillation studies.