Torsion of locally convex curves

We show that the torsion of any simple closed curve $\mathrm{\Gamma }$ in Euclidean 3-space changes sign at least $4$ times provided that it is star-shaped and locally convex with respect to a point $o$ in the interior of its convex hull. The latter condition means that through each point $p$ of $\mathrm{\Gamma }$ there passes a plane $H$, not containing $o$, such that a neighborhood of $p$ in $\mathrm{\Gamma }$ lies on the same side of $H$ as does $o$. This generalizes the four vertex theorem of Sedykh for convex space curves. Following Thorbergsson and Umehara, we reduce the proof to the result of Segre on inflections of spherical curves, which is also known as Arnold’s tennis ball theorem.