Uniform rectifiability, elliptic measure, square functions, and $\epsilon$-approximability via an ACF monotonicity formula

Let $\mathrm{\Omega }\subset {\mathbb{R}}^{n+1}$, $n\ge 2$, be an open set with Ahlfors-David regular boundary that satisfies the corkscrew condition. We consider a uniformly elliptic operator $L$ in divergence form associated with a matrix $A$ with real, merely bounded and possibly non-symmetric coefficients, which are also locally Lipschitz and satisfy suitable Carleson type estimates. In this paper we show that if $L^{\ast }$ is the operator in divergence form associated with the transpose matrix of $A$, then $\mathrm{\partial }\mathrm{\Omega }$ is uniformly $n$-rectifiable if and only if every bounded solution of $Lu=0$ and every bounded solution of $L^{\ast }v=0$ in $\mathrm{\Omega }$ is $\epsilon$-approximmable if and only if every bounded solution of $Lu=0$ and every bounded solution of $L^{\ast }v=0$ in $\mathrm{\Omega }$ satisfies a suitable square-function Carleson measure estimate. Moreover, we obtain two additional criteria for uniform rectifiability. One is given in terms of the so-called $S<N$ estimates, and another in terms of a suitable corona decomposition involving $L$-harmonic and $L^{\ast }$-harmonic measures. We also prove that if $L$-harmonic measure and $L^{\ast }$-harmonic measure satisfy a weak $A_{\mathrm{\infty }}$-type condition, then $\mathrm{\partial }\mathrm{\Omega }$ is $n$-uniformly rectifiable. In the process we obtain a version of Alt-Caffarelli-Friedman monotonicity formula for a fairly wide class of elliptic operators which is of independent interest and plays a fundamental role in our arguments.