ECG-R1: Protocol-Guided and Modality-Agnostic MLLM for Reliable ECG Interpretation

Electrocardiography (ECG) serves as an indispensable diagnostic tool in clinical practice, yet existing multimodal large language models (MLLMs) remain unreliable for ECG interpretation, often producing plausible but clinically incorrect analyses. To address this, we propose ECG-R1, the first reasoning ECG MLLM designed for reliable ECG interpretation via three innovations. First, we construct the interpretation corpus using $\mathit{\text{Protocol-Guided}}\mathit{\text{Instruction}}\mathit{\text{Data}}\mathit{\text{Generation}}$, grounding interpretation in measurable ECG features and monograph-defined quantitative thresholds and diagnostic logic. Second, we present a modality-decoupled architecture with $\mathit{\text{Interleaved}}\mathit{\text{Modality}}\mathit{\text{Dropout}}$ to improve robustness and cross-modal consistency when either the ECG signal or ECG image is missing. Third, we present $\mathit{\text{Reinforcement}}\mathit{\text{Learning}}\mathit{\text{with}}\mathit{\text{ECG}}\mathit{\text{Diagnostic}}\mathit{\text{Evidence}}\mathit{\text{Rewards}}$ to strengthen evidence-grounded ECG interpretation. Additionally, we systematically evaluate the ECG interpretation capabilities of proprietary, open-source, and medical MLLMs, and provide the first quantitative evidence that severe hallucinations are widespread, suggesting that the public should not directly trust these outputs without independent verification. Code is available at \href{https://github.com/PKUDigitalHealth/ECG-R1}{here}.