On very badly approximable numbers

We prove a refined version of Markov’s theorem in Diophantine approximation. More precisely, we characterize completely the set of irrationals $x$ such that $\mid x-\frac{p}{q}\mid <\frac{1}{3q^2}$ has only finitely many rational solutions: their continued fraction is eventually a balanced sequence through a simple coding. As consequence, we show that all such numbers are either quadratic surds or transcendental numbers. In particular, for any algebraic real number $x$ of degree at least $3$ there are infinitely rational numbers $\frac{p}{q}$ such that $\mid x-\frac{p}{q}\mid <\frac{1}{3q^2}$.