Arboreal Galois representations of rational functions: fixed-point proportion and the extension problem

We give an explicit description of the arithmetic-geometric extension of iterated Galois groups of rational functions. This yields a complete solution to the extension problem when either the arithmetic or the geometric iterated Galois group is branch, answering a question of Adams and Hyde. Furthermore, we obtain a sufficient condition for the arithmetic iterated Galois group of a rational function to have positive fixed-point proportion, which further applies in many instances to the specialization to non strictly post-critical points. In particular, this holds for all unicritical polynomials of odd degree, which greatly generalizes a result of Radi for the polynomial $z^d+1$. Lastly, we obtain the first family of groups acting on the $d$-adic tree whose fixed-point process becomes eventually $d$ for any $d\ge 2$ with positive probability. What is more, these groups are fractal and branch and thus positive-dimensional; hence they yield the first family of counterexamples to a conjecture of Jones for every $d$-adic tree.