Low-density phases of ${}^3$He monolayers adsorbed on graphite

Quantum Monte Carlo simulations at zero temperature of a ${}^3$He monolayer adsorbed on graphite, either clean or preplated with ${}^4$He, unexpectedly point to a gas-liquid phase transition at a very low areal density of the order of 0.01\AA${}^{-2}$. This result stems from an essentially unbiased calculation of the ground state energy for an infinite, defect-free substrate which interacts with He atoms via a realistic potential, whereas the interaction between two He atoms includes two- and three-body terms. The sensitivity of the gas-liquid coexistence region on the model Hamiltonian employed is discussed.