Heterogeneity in ${}^{12}$CO/${}^{13}$CO Ratios Toward Solar-Type Young Stellar Objects

This study reports an unusual heterogeneity in [${}^{12}$C${}^{16}$O]/[${}^{13}$C${}^{16}$O] abundance ratios of carbon monoxide observed in the gas phase toward seven ~ solar-mass YSOs and three dense foreground clouds in the nearby star-forming regions, Ophiuchus, Corona Australis, Orion, Vela and an isolated core, L43. Robust isotope ratios were derived using infrared absorption spectroscopy of the 4.7 $\mu$m fundamental and 2.3 $\mu$m overtone rovibrational bands of CO at very high resolution ($\lambda$/$\mathrm{\Delta }$$\lambda \approx 95,000$), observed with the CRIRES spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope. We find [${}^{12}$C${}^{16}$O]/[${}^{13}$C${}^{16}$O] values ranging from ~ 85 to 165, significantly higher than those of the local interstellar medium (~ 65 to 69). These observations are evidence for isotopic heterogeneity in carbon reservoirs in solar-type YSO environments, and encourage the need for refined Galactic chemical evolution models to explain the ${}^{12}$C/${}^{13}$C discrepancy between the solar system and local ISM. The oxygen isotope ratios are consistent with isotopologue-specific photodissociation by CO self-shielding toward the disks, VV CrA N and HL Tau, further substantiating models predicting CO self-shielding on disk surfaces. However, we find that CO self-shielding is an unlikely general explanation for the high [${}^{12}$C${}^{16}$O]/[${}^{13}$C${}^{16}$O] ratios observed in this study. Comparison of the solid CO against gas-phase [${}^{12}$C${}^{16}$O]/[${}^{13}$C${}^{16}$O] suggests that interactions between CO ice and gas reservoirs need to be further investigated as at least a partial explanation for the unusually high [${}^{12}$C${}^{16}$O]/[${}^{13}$C${}^{16}$O] observed.