Constantin and Iyer's representation formula for the Navier--Stokes equations on manifolds

The purpose of this paper is to establish a probabilistic representation formula for the Navier–Stokes equations on compact Riemannian manifolds. Such a formula has been provided by Constantin and Iyer in the flat case of $\mathbb R^n$orof$\mathbb T^n$. On a Riemannian manifold, however, there are several different choices of Laplacian operators acting on vector fields. In this paper, we shall use the de Rham–Hodge Laplacian operator which seems more relevant to the probabilistic setting, and adopt Elworthy–Le Jan–Li’s idea to decompose it as a sum of the square of Lie derivatives.