Polarized Lepton-Nucleon Elastic Scattering and a Search for a Light Scalar Boson

Lepton-nucleon elastic scattering, using the one-photon and one-scalar-boson exchange mechanisms considering all possible polarizations, is used to study searches for a new scalar boson and suggest new measurements of the nucleon form factors. A new light scalar boson, which feebly couples to leptons and nucleons, may account for the proton radius and muon $g-2$ puzzles. We show that the scalar boson produces relatively large effects in certain kinematic region when using sufficient control of lepton and nucleon spin polarization. We generalize current techniques to measure the ratio $G_E\mathrm{/}{G}_M$ and present a new method to separately measure $G_M^2$ and $G_E^2$ using polarized incoming and outgoing muons.