Revealing Hidden Topology of Complex Vector Beams via Plasmonic Interactions

Structured light beams with space-variant polarization can be efficiently generated using voltage-tunable nematic liquid-crystal (Q-plate). By appropriately selecting the input state and the retardation of the Q-plate, an optical field acquires a spatially structured polarization distribution that is capable of encoding non-trivial topological information across the beam profile. These features can be directly read out through interaction with plasmonic nano-structures, such as circular and spiral slits. Here we show that, upon illumination, polarization-dependent excitation of surface plasmons converts the hidden topology of the polarization structure into observable intensity distributions, including plasmonic vortices and characteristic interference patterns, while the tunability of the input parameters enables a rich variety of distinct topological forms.