Direct Measurement of the Surface Tension of Nanobubbles

It is shown that when the nanobubble contact line is pinned to a penetrating tip the interface behaves like a Hookean spring with spring constant proportional to the nanobubble surface tension. Atomic force microscope (AFM) data for several nanobubbles and solutions are analysed and yield surface tensions in the range 0.04–0.05 N/m (compared to 0.072 N/m for saturated water), and supersaturation ratios in the range 2–5. These are the first direct measurements of the surface tension of a supersaturated air-water interface. The results are consistent with recent theories of nanobubble size and stability, and with computer simulations of the surface tension of a supersaturated solution.