Revisiting charmonium hybrid spectroscopy

Hadrons with explicit gluonic degrees of freedom, such as charmonium hybrids, are key to understanding nonperturbative behavior of strong interaction, yet they remain experimentally elusive. Within a constituent gluon model treating the hybrid as a $c\bar{c}g$ three-body system with a transverse electric gluon, we predict the masses of the lightest hybrid multiplet ($J^{PC}=1^{--},0^{-+},1^{-+},2^{-+}$) to lie in the range $4.19$–$4.32$ GeV. By analyzing their decay patterns, we provide specific, experimentally testable signatures to guide the search for these exotic states at current and future facilities.