Shape reconstruction and height fluctuations of red blood cells using defocusing microscopy

In this paper the bright-field defocusing microscopy (DM) technique is presented. DM is able to obtain quantitative information of each plane/surface of pure phase objects, as live unlabeled cells, and its application to red blood cells (RBCs) is demonstrated. Based on contrast, simple methods to obtain thickness profile and three dimensional (3D) total reconstruction of RBCs are proposed and the actual height profiles of upper and lower surface-membranes (lipid bilayer$\mathrm{/}$cytoskeleton) of discocyte and stomatocyte red cells are presented as examples. In addition, using the mean square contrast fluctuation and modeling the RBC membranes fluctuations spectra as dependent of a bending modulus $({\kappa }_c)$, a surface tension $(\sigma )$ and a confining potential $(\gamma )$ term, slowly varying quantities along the cell radius, a genetic algorithm (GA) is used and the radial height fluctuations of each surface-membrane are accessed, separately. The radial behaviors of ${\kappa }_c$, $\sigma$ and $\gamma$ are also obtained, allowing the discussion of physical aspects of the RBC membrane.