Global gyrokinetic particle-in-cell simulations of internal kink instabilities

Internal kink instabilities have been studied in straight tokamak geometry employing an electromagnetic gyrokinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) code. The ideal-MHD internal kink mode and the collisionless $m=1$ tearing mode have been successfully simulated with the PIC code. Diamagnetic effects on the internal kink modes have also been investigated.