Comoving Space Density and Obscured Fraction of High-Redshift Active Galactic Nuclei in the Subaru/{\it XMM-Newton} Deep Survey

We study the comoving space density of X-ray-selected luminous active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and the obscured AGN fraction at high redshifts ($3 < z < 5$) in the Subaru/{\it XMM-Newton} Deep Survey (SXDS) field. From an X-ray source catalog with high completeness of optical identification thanks to deep optical images, we select a sample of 30 AGNs at $z>3$ with intrinsic (de-absorbed and rest-frame 2–10 keV) luminosities of $L_{\mathrm{X}}={10}^{44-45}$ erg s${}^{-1}$ detected in the 0.5–2 keV band, consisting of 20 and 10 objects with spectroscopic and photometric redshifts, respectively. Utilizing the $1\mathrm{/}{V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$ method, we confirm that the comoving space density of luminous AGNs decreases with redshift above $z>3$. When combined with the {\it Chandra}-COSMOS result of Civano et al.\ (2011), the density decline of AGNs with $L_{\mathrm{X}}={10}^{44-45}$ erg s${}^{-1}$ is well represented by a power law of $(1+z{)}^{-6.2\pm 0.9}$. We also determine the fraction of X-ray obscured AGNs with $N_{\mathrm{H}}>{10}^{22}$ cm${}^{-2}$ in the Compton-thin population to be 0.54${}_{-0.19}^{+0.17}$, by carefully taking into account observational biases including the effects of photon statistics for each source. This result is consistent with an independent determination of the type-2 AGN fraction based on optical properties, for which the fraction is found to be 0.59$\pm$0.09. Comparing our result with that obtained in the local Universe, we conclude that the obscured fraction of luminous AGNs increases significantly from $z=0$ to $z>3$ by a factor of 2.5$\pm$1.1.