Characterization of potential smoothness and Riesz basis property of the Hill-Scr\"odinger operator in terms of periodic, antiperiodic and Neumann spectra

The Hill operators $Ly=-y\mathrm{"}+v(x)y$, considered with complex valued $\pi$-periodic potentials $v$ and subject to periodic, antiperiodic or Neumann boundary conditions have discrete spectra. For sufficiently large $n,$ close to $n^2$ there are two periodic (if $n$ is even) or antiperiodic (if $n$ is odd) eigenvalues ${\lambda }_n^{-}$, ${\lambda }_n^{+}$ and one Neumann eigenvalue ${\nu }_n$. We study the geometry of “the spectral triangle” with vertices (${\lambda }_n^{+}$,${\lambda }_n^{-}$,${\nu }_n$), and show that the rate of decay of triangle size characterizes the potential smoothness. Moreover, it is proved, for $v\in L^p([0,\pi ]),p>1,$ that the set of periodic (antiperiodic) root functions contains a Riesz basis if and only if for even $n$ (respectively, odd $n$) $ ; \sup_{\lambda_n^+\neq \lambda_n^-}{|\lambda_n^±\nu_n|/|\lambda_n^±\lambda_n^-| } < \infty. $