Topological properties of generalized Markoff mod $p$ graphs

The generalized Markoff mod $p$ graph is defined via the equation $x^2+y^2+z^2=xyz+\kappa$ over the finite field ${\mathbb{F}}_p$ of prime order $p$. In this paper, we investigate the topological properties of the graph such as non-planarity, surface embeddability, and the existence of short cycles. Our approach is based on a systematic construction of $K_{3,3}$-subdivisions, integrating techniques from graph theory, computer algebra, and number theory.