Deformations and rigidity of lattices in solvable Lie groups

Let $G$ be a simply connected, solvable Lie group and $\mathrm{\Gamma }$ a lattice in $G$. The deformation space $\mathcal{D}(\mathrm{\Gamma },G)$ is the orbit space associated to the action of $\text{Aut}(G)$ on the space $\mathcal{X}(\mathrm{\Gamma },G)$ of all lattice embeddings of $\mathrm{\Gamma }$ into $G$. Our main result generalises the classical rigidity theorems of Mal’tsev and Sait^o for lattices in nilpotent Lie groups and in solvable Lie groups of real type. We prove that the deformation space of every Zariski-dense lattice $\mathrm{\Gamma }$ in $G$ is finite and Hausdorff, provided that the maximal nilpotent normal subgroup of $G$ is connected. This implies that every lattice in a solvable Lie group virtually embeds as a Zariski-dense lattice with finite deformation space. We give examples of solvable Lie groups $G$ which admit Zariski-dense lattices $\mathrm{\Gamma }$ such that $\mathcal{D}(\mathrm{\Gamma },G)$ is countably infinite, and also examples where the maximal nilpotent normal subgroup of $G$ is connected and simultaneously $G$ has lattices with uncountable deformation space.