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Suppose that a system is known to be in one of two quantum states, or . If these states are not orthogonal, then in conventional quantum mechanics it is impossible with one measurement to determine with certainty which state the system is in. However, because a non-Hermitian PT-symmetric Hamiltonian determines the inner product that is appropriate for the Hilbert space of physical states, it is always possible to choose this inner product so that the two states and are orthogonal. Thus, quantum state discrimination can, in principle, be achieved with a single measurement.

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