Sporadic points on $X_0(N)$

We determine all integers $N$ for which the modular curve $X_0(N)$ admits a sporadic CM point (of any degree), as well as all $N$ for which $X_0(N)$ admits a sporadic point, whether CM or non-CM. In a sense, our results generalize the classification of isogenies of elliptic curves over $\text{Q}$ due to Mazur and Kenku: their work determines the $X_0(N)$ with degree 1 sporadic points, whereas we classify all $X_0(N)$ that have a sporadic point of arbitrary degree.