Let denote the group of infinitely-differentiable diffeomorphisms of the real line , under the operation of composition, and let be the subgroup of diffeomorphisms of degree +1, i.e. orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms. We show how to reduce the problem of determining whether or not two given elements are conjugate in to associated conjugacy problems in the subgroup . The main result concerns the case when and have degree -1, and specifies (in an explicit and verifiable way) precisely what must be added to the assumption that their (compositional) squares are conjugate in , in order to ensure that is conjugated to by an element of . The methods involve formal power series, and results of Kopell on centralisers in the diffeomorphism group of a half-open interval.

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